A peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Faculty of Physical Education at Azzaytuna University in Libya. The journal aims to be a leading platform for scientific research and studies in the fields of applied sciences and other sciences. The journal is published semi-annually and seeks to enrich academic knowledge and make qualitative contributions to these vital disciplines.
Faculty of Physical Education / Azzaytuna University - Libya
Creative Commons CC BY-ND 4.0
The Impact of Cooperative Teaching Methods on the Development of Leadership Behavior among Some Students of Faculties of Physical Education
This study aimed to investigate the impact of cooperative teaching methods on developing leadership behavior among students in selected faculties of physical education in Libya. The researcher adopted the descriptive analytical method, and the study sample consisted of 30 faculty members from various Libyan universities. To achieve the study objectives, a questionnaire of 31 items was used, covering four main dimensions: self-confidence, effective communication, decision-making, and leadership ability. Data were analyzed statistically using the T-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Cohen’s d. The findings revealed a significant positive impact of cooperative teaching methods on enhancing students’ leadership behavior, particularly in improving self-confidence, communication skills, decision-making, and leadership capacity. The study recommended integrating cooperative teaching strategies into physical education programs at universities and providing training for faculty members to apply them effectively in order to foster students’ leadership qualities.
Cooperative Teaching – Leadership Behavior- Social Interaction.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Contribution of Some Physical Abilities to Predicting the Digital Achievement Level of the Long Jump Among Students of Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences
The research aims to identify the extent to which certain Physical abilities contribute to predicting the performance level of the long jump, as well as to identify the relationship between the Physical abilities (under investigation) and the performance level of the triple jump among third-year students at the Faculty of Physical Education. The researcher used the descriptive method with a correlational approach. The research was conducted on a randomly selected sample of (25) third-year students from the 2024-2025 academic year. The results showed that all the Physical abilities (under investigation) demonstrated a weak correlation with the performance level of the triple jump among third-year students at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Zawiya.
Physical abilities – Performance level of the triple jump
Comparative Assessment of Natural Radioactivity in Solid Construction Materials across North Africa and Associated Radiological Health Risks
Natural radionuclides present in construction and domestic materials constitute a significant source of indoor radiation exposure. This study presents a comparative analytical assessment of naturally occurring radionuclides (226Ra, 232Th, and 40K) in commonly used solid construction materials across selected North African countries, including Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. Gamma-spectrometric data were systematically compiled from peer-reviewed regional studies. Radiological hazard parameters such as Radium Equivalent Activity (Raeq), External Hazard Index (Hex), and Annual Effective Dose Equivalent (AEDE) were evaluated following international recommendations. The results demonstrate substantial variability in radionuclide concentrations depending on material type and geological origin. Granite and ceramic materials exhibited relatively elevated activity concentrations, whereas sand and marble showed the lowest levels. All calculated hazard indices remained below internationally recommended safety limits. Although the investigated materials are generally radio logically safe for construction purposes, localized enhancements in natural radioactivity highlight the need for harmonized regulatory frameworks and routine radiological screening to ensure long-term public health protection.
Natural radioactivity; Radiological hazard indices; Gamma spectrometry
The Effect of Isometric Training on Some Physical Abilities and Performance Level in the Previous 100m Sprint
The research aims to identify the effect of isometric training on certain physical abilities and performance level in the 100m sprint among first-year students at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Zawiya. The researcher used an experimental design with a single group, employing pre-and post-testing techniques. A sample of 20 first-year students, selected purposively from among the top performers in athletics entrance exams, participated in the study. The results showed that the isometric training program led to a statistically significant improvement in the physical abilities under investigation, which positively impacted performance level in the 100m sprint, as evidenced by the improved post-test time compared to the pre-test time.
Isometric training – physical abilities – Achievement level in the 100m sprint.
The Extent of the Contribution of VAR (Video Assistant Referee) Technology to the Success of the Libyan Volleyball Championship Held in Misrata from 26–30 January 2022 and Referees’ Attitudes Toward Its Use
This research aims to identify the extent of the contribution of the mouse technique to the success of the Libyan volleyball tournament held in the city of Misurata during the period from 01/26-30/2022 AD and the referees’ attitudes towards its use. The researcher used the descriptive approach as it suits the nature of this research, and the research sample included 7 of Coaches and administrators, 14 volleyball referees. The research tools were a questionnaire and an attitude scale. The most important conclusions were: 1. VAR technology contributes to the success of refereeing volleyball matches. 2. It helps achieve justice during the arbitration process in volleyball matches. 3. It reduces the objection of some coaches to the referees’ decisions. 4. It reduces the percentage of common errors that some referees may make. 5. Mouse technology helps referees pay attention and focus while refereeing volleyball matches. 6. VAR technology makes referees confident in their decisions while refereeing volleyball. Among the most important recommendations were: 1. The necessity of using the mouse technology in refereeing local and international volleyball tournaments. 2. Providing the necessary quality requirements for using VAR technology in Libyan volleyball courts. 3. Providing modern technological means used internationally to Libyan volleyball referees. 4. Training referees, coaches, administrators and players on how to deal with the mouse technology. 5. Conduct similar research on other samples.
Application of biomaterials in dentin regeneration and direct pulp capping
The paper is a systematic evaluation of the use of biomaterials to regenerate dentin and in the direct pulp capping (DPC) using both a systematic review of the clinical literature combined with original in vitro and in vivo experiments to determine the effectiveness of calcium silicate-based products versus conventional calcium hydroxide (CH). A systematic database search (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) between the years 2005 and 2025 revealed major evidence of better performance of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA), Biodentine, and recent bioceramics (e.g., Neo MTA Plus, Total Fill BC Fast Set Putty) as compared to CH. Randomized trials were meta-analysed with pooled success rates of 90-97% in MTA and 88-96% in Biodentine at a maximum of 36 months compared to a ratio of 65-78% in CH and odds ratio of 2-4 times lower failure rates of silicate cements. The bioactivity and antibacterial actions were found to be superior to CH with in vitro assays using human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) showing excellent biocompatibility (>98% viability), increased proliferation, migration, odontogenic gene expression (DSPP, DMP1, RUNX2; 2.5-4.0-fold increase), mineralization, and apatite formation assays using hDPSCs. Histological and micro-CT assessments of 6 months in a canine in vivo model (n=80 premolars) indicated that with bioceramics, dentin bridges were complete (scores 2.62.8), always continuous, and pulp vitality intact whereas with CH controls, bridges were incomplete and inflammation was greater. These findings validate that calcium silicate-based biomaterials cause superior reparative dentin due to prolonged ion release, deposition of apatite, and stimulation of stem cells that shift vital pulp therapy paradigm to bioactive cements to enhance pulp preservation and decrease invasiveness. New putty composites have convenient benefits of working and appearance. Its limitations are animal-human translation and the requirement of the prolonged human testing. Altogether, bioactive calcium silicates are the optimal selection of DPC, which improves clinical results in the field of conservative endodontics.
Direct pulp capping, Biomaterials, Dentin regeneration, MTA, Biodentine
Virtual Learning Environment and Its Impact on Knowledge Construction in. Libya
The introduction of a virtual education system has become an indispensable necessity today, as countries around the world have turned to this method of building knowledge. However, keeping pace with developments in virtual reality has presented difficult challenges for the education system in Libya, starting with the problem of qualification, training and refinement of technological skills that enable teachers and learners to find a mechanism for interaction in order to build scientific knowledge. In addition to the material obstacles that may hinder the implementation of virtual education, such as the quality of internet networks, which can affect knowledge building through effective interaction between teachers and students remotely. In addition to a set of psychological factors that may be caused by the virtual environment, such as social isolation and a lack of self-discipline among students in Libya as a result of social factors controlling them, there is also an education and consider it the most appropriate way to build knowledge.
Virtual Education. Knowledge Construction. Eonducational Environment. Libya
Copyright (c) 2025 Ejthad for Scientific Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
The relationship between some anthropometric and physical variables and their contribution to improving long-range shooting accuracy in basketball
The study aimed to identify the relationship between certain anthropometric and physical variables and the accuracy of long-range shooting in basketball. The researcher employed a descriptive correlational approach on a sample of first-team players from Al-Shabab Al-Arabi Club. Measurements included height, body weight, upper-limb muscular strength, lower-limb muscular power, and a long-range shooting accuracy test. The results revealed statistically significant correlations between the anthropometric and physical variables and long-range shooting accuracy. The findings also indicated that the explosive power of both the arms and legs contributes significantly to improving skill performance. The study recommended the adoption of scientific measurements in training processes and in the selection of basketball players.
Anthropometric Variables – Physical Abilities – Long-Range Shooting Accuracy – Skill Performance – Explosive Power – Basketball Training
Foundations of Physical Preparation in Basketball and Their Impact on Developing Certain Specific Physical Abilities Among Players Aged 14–16 at Al-Ittihad Tripoli Club
This study aimed to investigate the impact of physical preparation principles in basketball on developing specific physical abilities among players aged 14 to 16 years in Libya. The researcher employed an experimental design, dividing a sample of 30 players into two equal groups: an experimental group that underwent a comprehensive physical preparation program and a control group that did not receive any intervention. Measurements of muscle strength, speed, and agility were conducted before and after the training program using standardized tests. Results revealed significant improvements in the specific physical abilities of the experimental group compared to the control group, confirming the effectiveness of the physical preparation program in enhancing physical performance at this critical developmental stage. The study also highlighted that structured and progressive training contributes to the necessary physiological and muscular adaptations for better performance. It recommended adopting well-organized physical preparation programs tailored to individual differences and age stages and integrating them into basketball training plans to ensure sustainable athletic performance improvement.
physical conditioning, principles of physical conditioning, Basketball, Specific physical abilities, Age group14-16 years
The Impact of Economic Growth on Unemployment and Inflation An Applied Study on the Libyan Economy
This study aims to analyze the nature of the relationship between unemployment, inflation, and economic growth in the Libyan economy during the period (1962–2012), by integrating the Phillips Curve and Okun’s Law within a unified econometric model. The study relies on annual data issued by official Libyan institutions and adopts both the descriptive-analytical and quantitative approaches. In addition, modern econometric techniques were applied, including the unit root test and the Johansen cointegration test. The results indicate the existence of a long-run inverse relationship between the unemployment rate and the inflation rate, consistent with the Phillips Curve. The findings also confirm an inverse relationship between non-oil economic growth and changes in the unemployment rate in accordance with Okun’s Law. Furthermore, the study reveals that the impact of economic growth on inflation occurs indirectly through its effect on unemployment. The results suggest that the Libyan economy suffers from structural imbalances that limit the capacity of economic growth to generate sufficient employment opportunities, highlighting the need to adopt development policies aimed at diversifying the productive base and improving labor market efficiency.
Unemployment, Inflation, Economic Growth, Phillips Curve, Okun’s Law, Libyan Economy.
Assessment of the Extent of Implementation of Total Quality Management Standards in Physical Education Teacher Teacher Trining Programs – Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Tripoli.
This study aimed to identify the degree of implementation of Total Quality Management (TQM) standards in physical education teacher training programs at the Faculty of Education, University of Tripoli. It also sought to examine differences in the degree of TQM implementation from the perspective of faculty members according to the variables of gender, academic rank, and years of experience. In addition, the study investigated differences in perceptions between faculty members and students regarding the degree of TQM implementation. The study sample consisted of (102) faculty members and students. A questionnaire was used as a data collection instrument, comprising four dimensions: TQM requirements, administrative system, educational system, and technical system. Statistical methods included means, standard deviations, two-way and multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the t-test for data analysis. The results revealed that the Faculty of Education at the University of Tripoli applies Total Quality Management at a moderate level, with a mean score of (2.95). The findings also indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in the degree of implementation attributable to gender, academic rank, or years of experience from the perspective of faculty members. Likewise, no statistically significant differences were found between the views of faculty members and students. The study recommended that the Faculty of Education at the University of Tripoli adopt a clear and specific strategy for implementing TQM standards, ensuring the involvement of all faculty members in quality planning processes and benefiting from their expertise, qualifications, and experiences, regardless of gender, academic rank, or years of experience.
Total Quality Management, Training Programs, Physical Education Teachers, University of Tripoli
The Effectiveness of Email Marketing Strategies in Supporting Public Relationc Programs in Libyan Government Banks
The research aims to identify effectiveness of email marketing strategies in supporting Public relations programs in Libyan state- owned banks. This is achieved by examining the current state email use in these banks, identifying the most frequently used and effective strategies for supporting Public relations programs, measuring the contribution of email marketing strategies to Public relations program objectives, and identifying the main obstacles hindering the effective use of email. The research employed a descriptive- analytical experimental approach on a stratified random sample of 21 employees from four Libyan state- owned banks in the city of Zawiya. The results indicate that email use in Libyan state- owned banks is at a moderate level, tending towards low, both in terms of actual usage and the application of email marketing strategies. The results also showed that the Public relations strategy was the most frequently used, while the communication strategy was the least used. This reflects the limited utilization of email´s communication potential in the banking sector. Regarding obstacles, the results revealed a range of organizational, technical, and human resource constraints that limit the objectives use of email in supporting Public relations programs. Which explains the limited impact of email marketing strategies in the government banking environment.
Email marketing – Marketing strategy – Public relations – Effectiveness
The Epistemological Foundations of Political Theory: A Philosophical–Epistemic Reading
This study examines the cognitive frameworks that form the foundations of political theory, considering them as a knowledge base that organizes The production of political knowledge and analyzes political phenomena. The study also addresses The epistemological aspect's and methodological. Approaches that work on establishing political concepts and controlling research and analytical tools, importantly, these frameworks are shaped within cultural, historical, and normative contexts that influence that effectiveness in understanding and interpretation. The study indicates that the interconnection of cognitive framework is a kay element in enhancing the capacity of political theory for examination, interpretation, scrutiny, and scientific analysis of current political phenomena
A Comparative Study of Lung Capacity and It’s Relationship to Physical Fitness among Students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Zawiya
This study aimed to investigate the differences between first-year and third-year students in body composition, physiological variables, and physical fitness at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science. The study sample consisted of 60 students, equally distributed between first-year and third-year students. Measurements included body variables (weight, height, chest circumference, shoulder circumference), physiological variables (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, vital capacity), and physical fitness components (speed, leg muscle strength, agility, handgrip strength, flexibility, muscular endurance, abdominal muscular endurance, and cardiorespiratory endurance). The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach, using the independent samples t-test to examine differences between the two groups. Results indicated statistically significant differences at the 0.01 level in age and vital capacity, with third-year students being older on average, while first-year students demonstrated higher vital capacity. Additionally, descriptive differences were observed in some physical fitness components, with third-year students outperforming in leg muscle strength, muscular endurance, and abdominal muscular endurance, whereas first-year students showed superiority in speed and cardiorespiratory endurance. No significant differences were found in other body and physiological variables, indicating homogeneity in these characteristics among the sample. The study concluded that academic year has a relative effect on some body, physiological, and physical fitness variables, while other variables remain similar between groups. Based on these findings, the study recommends designing balanced training programs that consider the differences between academic years, focusing on the development of physical fitness according to each stage's needs, and promoting regular physical activity to enhance students’ overall fitness and health
body composition, physiological variables, physical fitness, university students, academic year
The Effect of Brainstorming and Problem-Solving Strategies on Developing Creative Thinking among Physical Education Students at Al-Zaytuna University
This study seeks to shed light on a proposed framework for the professional role of generalist social work practice in mitigating the repercussions of irregular migration on Libyan society, given that it represents one of the pressing issues threatening Libya’s national security. This is particularly evident in light of the continuous increase in the number of irregular migrants, as the phenomenon is complex and multifaceted in its causes and determinants, casting significant social, economic, and institutional impacts on Libyan society and its various institutions. Irregular migration has become one of the social phenomena that exceed the capacities and resources of society, due to the wide range of problems it generates at different levels, thereby intensifying societal suffering and posing a serious threat to stability and development. This research adopts a descriptive–analytical approach by reviewing and analyzing the existing body of literature related to this phenomenon. It aims to identify the causes of irregular migration and its repercussions on Libyan society, and to reach conclusions that contribute to formulating a proposed framework for generalist social work practice in mitigating the repercussions of irregular migration on Libyan society.
Proposed Framework – Generalist Social Work Practice – Irregular Migration
Trade Routes and Their Role in Spreading lslam in Central Asia
This study explores the impact of trade routes in promoting the spread of Islam in Central Asia, focusing on the economic, cultural, and religious factors that contributed to this. This region witnessed vibrant interaction between peoples and traders who relied on trade routes, such as the Silk Road, to transmit goods, ideas, and religious beliefs. The study examines how Muslim merchants contributed to the spread of Islam through their interactions with local populations, whether through trade, cultural exchange, or religious education. It also explores the impact of major trading centers such as Bukhara and Samarkand in strengthening Islamic identity, as these cities attracted scholars and jurists, which aided in the transmission of religious knowledge. By reviewing historical and geographical sources, the study sheds light on the relationship between commercial activity and Islamic expansion, demonstrating how trade contributed to creating an environment rich in religious and cultural interaction.
Silk Road – cultural interaction – merchant ethics – oasis cities (such as Merv and Bukhara)
The Consequences of Political Conflicts and the Role of Civil Society Organizations in Addressing Them
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Political crises, civil society organizations, displacement, poverty
The Effect of Brainstorming and Problem-Solving Strategies on Developing Creative Thinking among Physical Education Students at Azzaytuna University
This study aims to investigate the effect of using brainstorming and problem-solving strategies on developing creative thinking skills (fluency, flexibility, and originality) among fourth- and fifth-year students enrolled in the "Teaching Methods" course at the Faculty of Physical Education, Al-Zaytuna University. The research sample consisted of 32 students, divided into two groups: an experimental group (16 students) and a control group (16 students), selected intentionally. In addition, a pilot sample of 10 students from the research population but outside the main sample was included. The quasi-experimental method was employed due to its suitability for this study. Based on the research objectives and hypotheses, the following results were obtained: 1. There were statistically significant differences between students’ mean scores in the pre-test and post-test on overall creative thinking (fluency, flexibility, and originality), in favor of the post-test. 2. There were statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups in the post-test of creative thinking, in favor of the experimental group. 3. There were no statistically significant differences between the mean scores of students taught using the brainstorming strategy and those taught using the problem-solving strategy in the post-test of creative thinking (fluency, flexibility, and originality).
Brainstorming , Problem-solving , Creative Thinking , Teaching Methods, Physical Education
Assessment of Knowledge and Awareness of Cancer Immunotherapy among Patients and Healthcare Workers in Tripoli, Libya: A Descriptive Epidemiological Study
This research aims to assess the knowledge and awareness of patients and the medical community in Tripoli-Libya about cancer immunotherapy, in addition to studying the availability of modern drugs and the challenges of their use. The questionnaire included 20 participants from different age groups and gender, and the questions focused on general knowledge of immunotherapies, drug availability, side effects of treatments, and patients' willingness to participate in clinical trials. The findings suggest a moderate awareness of immunotherapies, with a clear recognition of the need for the medical community to enhance training and scientific research, and to improve the availability of modern drugs.
Cancer immunotherapy, Health awareness, Medical knowledge, Patients, Healthcare workers, Tripoli – Libya, Descriptive epidemiology
Urban Development in Baghdad During the Abbasid Era
Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid civilization, was one of the most prominent cities that witnessed a remarkable urban transformation during the Abbasid era. It was founded in 762 AD by Caliph Abu Ja'far al-Mansur, marking the beginning of a new era of thoughtful urban planning. Al-Mansur carefully selected the city's location, taking advantage of its proximity to the Tigris River and its connection to vital trade networks, which contributed to its economic and social prosperity. Al-Mansur played a pivotal role in the founding of Baghdad, relying on sophisticated engineering concepts such as the circular city plan, which provided protection and facilitated movement. He also paid special attention to architectural landmarks, constructing magnificent mosques such as the Al-Mansur Mosque and lavish palaces that reflected the luxury of that era, in addition to creating diverse neighborhoods that catered to the needs of different social classes. Economic, cultural, and religious factors contributed to the promotion of construction and urban expansion. Support for trade, education, and science played a major role in attracting scholars and merchants, making Baghdad a global center of knowledge and culture. These urban developments made Baghdad shine as the bride of Islamic civilization and one of the greatest cities in history.
Baghdad - Urywords planning – Abu jaafar al – Mansur – Cultural prosperity – Architectural landmarks
Some Obstacles to the Integration of the Hearing Impaired into Public Schools From the Perspective of Staff at Private Centers
This research aimed to identify the obstacles that obstructing the integration of hearing-impaired individuals into public schools, from the perspective of the staff at the Center for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing in Tarhuna, including social and psychological specialists, teachers, and administrators, totaling (30) individuals. The obstacles the research focused on were social, academic, psychological, and administrative obstacles. The current research used some statistical methods, including the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (Spss). The most important results reached were: All research individuals exhibited a negative social attitude toward the hearing-impaired, represented by sympathy and compassion. They also stated that there was no need to implement integration for the hearing-impaired. They emphasized the lack of training courses in the field of integration of people with special needs, including hearing impairments. They also emphasized the low effectiveness of the center's social service offices and their failure to fulfill their effective role in spreading community awareness to prepare families and communities for the importance of integrating special groups into fields that match their capabilities within their community. The most important recommendations included the need to develop curricula in the various departments of the Faculties of Education and Arts to prepare specialists in the field of special education to assist general education teachers in teaching the hearing impaired when implementing their integration into public schools. The recommendations also included developing training programs in the field of integrating hearing impaired students into public schools and training them on how to deal with them. The recommendations also included establishing and activating the Social Services Office at the center and the Social Services Offices in public schools, calling for the implementation of academic and social integration and utilizing specialized personnel from other relevant institutions. The recommendations also included providing and equipping all necessary and advanced capabilities, equipment, and hearing aids for the integration of special groups, including the hearing impaired. They also included providing qualified personnel in the field of special education.
The impact of using the whole-part method in teaching judo skills to students of the Faculty of Physical Education
This study aims to investigate the effect of using the part method as a teaching strategy in learning the Osotogari skill in judo among students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Tripoli. The experimental method was applied with pre- and post-tests on a sample of ten first-year students. The results showed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-measurements in favor of the post-test, indicating the effectiveness of the part method in improving skill performance. The study concluded that the part method positively contributes to the development of fundamental judo skills, and it recommends its implementation in educational programs for physical education students.
Part Method , Judo Skills, Physical Education
The Effect of Using the Part Method in Learning One of the Judo Skills among Students of the Faculty of Physical Education
This study aimed to examine the effect of using the part method in learning basic judo skills, specifically the (Osotogari) technique, among first-year students at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Tripoli. The researchers adopted the experimental method with pre- and post-tests on a sample of (10) students. A proposed educational program lasting (9) weeks was implemented using the part method. The results revealed statistically significant differences in favor of the post-test across all performance stages (preparatory, main, and final), with improvement rates ranging between (69.76% – 76.47%). The study concluded that applying the part method has a positive impact on enhancing the skill performance level of judo techniques among students.
Part Method , Judo , Motor Skill Learning , Skill Performance , Physical Education Students
A proposed program to develop some motor skills in children with mental disabilities
This research aimed to identify the effect of a proposed program to develop some motor skills in children with mental disabilities. The researchers used the experimental method with a pre- and post-test design for one experimental group to suit the nature of the research. The research community consisted of all students with mental disabilities aged (8-10) years, numbering (55) students from the Center for the Development of Mental Abilities in Janzour. The research sample was randomly selected from children with mental disabilities, numbering (15) students. The most important results were that the arithmetic mean and standard deviation for both the pre- and post-measurements, as well as the percentage of improvement, and that the arithmetic mean for the post-measurement was better than the pre-measurement. The values ​​of the percentage of improvement for the motor variables ranged between (70.7% - 92.68%). This confirms the existence of differences in the pre- and post-measurements in favor of the post-measurement in the level of motor skills. It is clear from these results that all values ​​of the significance levels (Sig) are less than the level (0.05), which indicates the existence of statistically significant differences between the averages of the pre-measurements and the post-measurements in favor of the averages of the post-measurements in the level of motor skills.
Suggested Program - Motor Skills - Intellectual Disability
The Difficulties Faced by Student-Teachers in Implementing the Physical Education Lesson During Practical Training in Schools
This study aims to identify the difficulties faced by student-teachers in implementing physical education lessons during their practical training in schools. These difficulties are related to several factors including students, the educational supervisor, the curriculum, school administration, and the available capabilities. The research adopted the descriptive analytical approach and was applied to a sample of fourth-year students in the Department of Physical Education at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Al-Muthanna University, for the academic year 2024–2025 The research sample consisted of 12 students, and the questionnaire method was used as the research tool. The responses were collected and analyzed to identify the most significant difficulties, which include: the large number of students per class, the limited time allocated for the physical education lesson, and the lack of support for the curriculum. Additionally, the student-teachers reported a shortage of teaching aids and sports equipment, lack of proper facilities, and the mismatch between lesson content and the available capabilities. These findings point to several challenges faced by the student-teacher.