Ejthad for Scientific Research
type: channel
description: A peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Faculty of Physical Education at Azzaytuna University in Libya. The journal aims to be a leading platform for scientific research and studies in the fields of applied sciences and other sciences. The journal is published semi-annually and seeks to enrich academic knowledge and make qualitative contributions to these vital disciplines.
publisher: Faculty of Physical Education / Azzaytuna University - Libya
language: en
publication name: Ejthad for Scientific Research
issn: 3105-4587
copyright: Creative Commons CC BY-ND 4.0
items: Digitization of Professional Social Work Practice in Educational Institutions from the Perspective of Social Workers: A Field Study on Selected Secondary Schools in Tarhuna City
items: The Development of the Role of Mosques in Az-Zawiya
items: Motives Behind Students' Enrollment in Private Higher Education Institutions
items: Parental Attitudes toward Female Secondary School Students' Participation in School Sports Activities in Tarhuna, Libya: The Students'
items: Physical Activity as an Indicator for Predicting the Psychological Quality of Life among Elderly in Al-Khums City
items: An Explainable Machine Learning Framework for Early Mental Health Risk Detection among University Students in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Settings
items: Implementing Gender Identification from Social Media Text Using Transformer Models: A Practical and Ethical Approach)
items: The Role of Digital Media in Improving the Mental Image among Youth in Libyan Universities
items: Comparative Study of the Level of Certain Cognitive Functions in Elderly Practitioners and Non-Practitioners of Physical Activity
items: Determinants of Student Trust in E-Learning Systems in Libyan Higher Education: Evidence from Azzaytuna University
items: La production du savoir dans la théorie politique contemporaine: problématiques épistémologiques.
items: Parts of speech in the Arabic language
items: Analysis of the Relationship between the Use of Modern Teaching Methods and the Level of Student Performance in Physical Education Lessons:A Descriptive-Analytical Study
items: The Level of Implementing the Brainstorming Strategy and Its Relationship to Developing Effective Teaching Skills Among Faculty Members at Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences
items: Effect of a Therapeutic Program Using Muscle Energy Technique (MET) on Rehabilitation of Patients with Quadriceps Muscle Strain
items: Effect of Isometric and Isotonic Exercises on Developing Lower Limb Muscular Strength in Judo Players
items: Effect of Resistance Exercises on Developing Upper Limb Muscular Strength in Junior Judo Players
items: Effect of over-distance training on some physical and functional variables and the performance level of 100 m and 200 m freestyle swimmers
items: Dietary Patterns and Their Health and Social Implications for Patients with Gluten-Related Disorders: A Field Study Applied to Tripoli Municipality
items: Evaluation of the scientific content of the volleyball training course from the students' point of view
items: The Effectiveness of Using Innovative Teaching Strategies in Improving Critical Thinking Skills among Students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Benghazi University
items: Political Stability and Ways to Succeed Economic Diplomacy: An Analytical Study of the Libyan Reality
items: The Role of Quality Management in Enhancing Teaching and Research Performance and Institutional Infrastructure at the Faculty of Physical Education – Al-Mergib University
items: Evaluation of the Physical Education College Program at Al-Mergib University in Light of Quality Requirements and Standards
items: esearch Title: Student Achievement Level in Practical Courses and its Relationship to Specialization Grade at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Zawiya
items: Attitudes of Students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Zawiya towards the Specialization Course
items: Optimism, Pessimism, and Their Relationship to Some Psychological Variables among Students of Al-Merghib University in Al-Khums City
items: A reading of the evidence for proving the crime of sorcery
items: Physical Activity Among the Elderly in My Cities of Tripoli and Al-Khums (A Comparative Study)
items: The role of the practical education program in preparing student teachers at the Faculty of Physical Education, University of Al-Mergheb, from the perspective of the student teachers

Digitization of Professional Social Work Practice in Educational Institutions from the Perspective of Social Workers: A Field Study on Selected Secondary Schools in Tarhuna City
type: item
description: This study aimed to examine the current state of the digitalization of professional social work practice in secondary educational institutions in Tarhuna City, it’s identify the requirements for its implementation, and explore the challenges that hinder its adoption. The study employed the descriptive-analytical approach, which is appropriate for social and human sciences research. The study population consisted of all social workers employed in secondary schools affiliated with the Tarhuna Education Office, totaling 25 social workers. A comprehensive social survey was used to collect the data. The findings revealed that the participants possessed substantial professional experience, enhancing the credibility of their assessment of digital professional practice. The results also indicated that the level of digitalization was moderate, reflecting a clear orientation toward integrating digital technologies into professional practice. These technologies contributed to improving professional performance, enhancing the efficiency of social services, safeguarding the confidentiality of information, and facilitating the use of digital applications and online platforms in working with students. However, the study identified several obstacles limiting effective digital transformation, including inadequate technological infrastructure, unstable internet connectivity, insufficient training and professional qualification, and limited technical and administrative support. These challenges constrain the optimal use of digital technologies within educational institutions. The study concludes that successful digital transformation in school social work requires an integrated technological and organizational environment, supported by continuous professional development and training for social workers.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: igitalization, Professional Practice, Social Work.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Rania Muammer Abuajeela Alabani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 271
ending page: 296
doi: 10.65893/esr.v3i18.104

The Development of the Role of Mosques in Az-Zawiya
type: item
description: This research examines the development of mosque architecture in the city of Az-Zawiya in western Libya, from the monarchical era (1951) to the post-2011 period, employing a descriptive survey methodology. The study aims to document the history of both ancient and modern mosques and compare their architectural features. The findings indicate that mosques from the monarchical era were characterized by simplicity, local character, and influences from Morocco and Andalusia. In contrast, mosques built between 1969 and 2011 featured grander scales, spaciousness, and rich ornamentation, while the post-2011 period reflected architectural diversity alongside a resurgence of local community funding and restoration efforts. The research confirms the continued religious and educational role of mosques despite challenges, and recommends documenting ancient mosques, prioritizing scientifically-based restoration, encouraging academic studies, and raising public awareness about the importance of architectural heritage.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mosque development, Islamic architecture, Architectural heritage
  topic: keywords
creator: Mr. Abdullah Fathi AL-Harari Hussein
creator: Juhaina Ali Al- Bahloul
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 244
ending page: 270
doi: 10.65893/esr.v3i18.103

Motives Behind Students' Enrollment in Private Higher Education Institutions
type: item
description: parents' orientation towards private higher education institutions. This was achieved through an analysis of the social, academic, psychological, and organizational dimensions that contribute to shaping the enrollment decision. The study sought to reveal the degree of influence of each of these factors, in addition to identifying the strengths and weaknesses of these institutions from the beneficiaries' perspective. This aims to support the improvement of educational outcomes and the development of services provided. The research was conducted on a sample of (46) parents and (40) students enrolled at the Higher Institute for Medical Professions in Al-Sayeh. After applying the research instrument (a questionnaire), the results showed that the decision to enroll in private higher education institutions is determined within an interconnected system of factors. At the social level, this is represented by the families' desire for a safe and disciplined educational environment, along with the institution's compatibility with the family's socioeconomic status. The influence of social image and media was found to be moderate. As for academic factors, the flexibility of the educational system, the diversity of specializations, the speed of graduation, and the presence of a stimulating educational environment conducive to innovation emerged as key attractions. This was contrasted with variations in the quality of faculty members, practical training programs, and academic services. Support, reflecting a disparity in quality levels among institutions. On a psychological level, the results demonstrated the importance of feeling appreciated, respected, and a sense of belonging within the educational environment, and its role in boosting self-confidence and reducing students' stress. From an organizational and service perspective, the most prominent strengths were administrative flexibility, streamlined procedures, and responsiveness to student feedback. However, some shortcomings…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Brainstorming Strategy, Effective Teaching Skills.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Abubakr Abd Al-Da'im Al-Daili
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 218
ending page: 243
doi: 10.65893/esr.v3i18.102

Parental Attitudes toward Female Secondary School Students' Participation in School Sports Activities in Tarhuna, Libya: The Students'
type: item
description: This research summarizes a study on parents' attitudes towards the participation of secondary school female students in school sports activities in the city of Tarhuna (from the female students' perspective). The researchers used the descriptive survey method and applied a questionnaire to a sample of 150 female students, from which 144 valid questionnaires were retrieved. The results showed that parents hold highly positive attitudes towards participation, with an overall mean of 2.25 and a percentage of 75%, alongside some limited negative attitudes linked to a lack of sports facilities and the absence of specialized female physical education teachers. The results also revealed statistically significant differences between positive and negative attitudes, in favor of the positive ones. The study recommended raising parents' awareness through workshops, providing the necessary infrastructure and female teaching staff, and organizing sports events and school clubs to enhance participation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Attitudes, School Sports Activities, Secondary Education Stage.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mr. Mukhtar Ali AL Mukhtar Abdul Nab
creator: Mr. Miftah Ali Miftah Altair
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 197
ending page: 217
doi: 10.65893/esr.v3i18.101

Physical Activity as an Indicator for Predicting the Psychological Quality of Life among Elderly in Al-Khums City
type: item
description: The study was conducted in Al-Khums, Libya, using the predictive correlational descriptive approach, on a purposive sample of (40) elderly men aged (50–60) years. The researcher applied the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the Psychological Quality of Life Scale. The results showed that the level of physical activity was moderate (68.20%), while the level of psychological quality of life was high (71.63%). A positive and statistically significant correlation was found between the two variables (r = 0.678). Physical activity significantly contributed to predicting psychological quality of life, explaining 45.9% of its variance. The study recommended designing specialized sports programs for the elderly, raising awareness about the importance of physical activity, providing safe facilities, and integrating physical activities into social and healthcare services.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Physical activity, Psychological quality of life, Elderly.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mr. Mohammed Salim Imchiri
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 172
ending page: 196
doi: 10.65893/esr.v3i18.100

An Explainable Machine Learning Framework for Early Mental Health Risk Detection among University Students in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Settings
type: item
description: Ministry of Technical and Vocational Education, Libya Mental health issues among university students continue to receive growing attention worldwide. These challenges are often more pronounced in fragile and conflict-affected settings (FCAS), where instability, displacement, and socioeconomic pressures can increase psychological vulnerability. In such environments, the early identification of students who may be at elevated mental health risk is important for enabling timely and appropriate support. Although machine-learning techniques have shown considerable potential in mental health analytics, many existing studies place greater emphasis on predictive performance than on model transparency and practical usability. As a result, the adoption of these models in real-world educational settings remains challenging, particularly when decision-makers require explanations that are easy to understand and trust. This study develops an explainable machine-learning framework for early mental health risk stratification among university students in FCAS contexts. The proposed framework combines demographic, academic, socioeconomic, psychological, and contextual indicators within a structured modelling pipeline designed to support transparency, calibration, and practical decision-making. Several classification algorithms were evaluated using stratified five-fold cross-validation. Among the evaluated models, logistic regression provided the most favourable balance between predictive performance and interpretability. The final model achieved an accuracy of 0.935, a macro-averaged F1 score of 0.862, and a one-versus-rest AUC of 0.997 for identifying high-risk students. Calibration analysis further indicated reliable probability estimates, with a Brier score of 0.024, while decision curve analysis demonstrated a consistent net benefit across a range of clinically relevant decision thresholds. To better understand the model’s behaviour, SHAP-based explainability analysis was perform…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mental health risk detection, explainable machine learning, SHAP, early warning systems, university students, fragile and conflict-affected settings, decision curve analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Mr. Abdelatti Blg
creator: Mr. Muner Athaba
creator: Mr. Ahmed Ashlam
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 153
ending page: 171
doi: 10.65893/esr.v3i18.99

Implementing Gender Identification from Social Media Text Using Transformer Models: A Practical and Ethical Approach)
type: item
description: Gender identification for social user network from user-generated text has significant applications in social computing, advertising, and online safety. Though, traditional classifiers often fail to capture linguistic subtleties and raise ethical concerns about bias and privacy. On this study, we propose a transformer-based framework for gender identification on social network text which highlighting transparency and fairness. We assess multiple transformer architectures, including BERT and RoBERTa, comparing their performance against traditional machine-learning baselines using the facebook/md-gender-bias dataset. The proposed method achieves improved for F1 scores while reducing gender bias through bias-mitigation and explainability techniques. Experimental findings demonstrate the practicality of large language models for gender prediction when combined with ethical constraints and responsible evaluation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Gender classification, transformer models, BERT, social media network text, ethical AI, bias mitigation
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Mohammed Ali Eltaher
creator: Ms. Ibtusam Abdlsalam Belghassem
creator: Ms. Fatimah Basheer Alqadhi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 140
ending page: 152
doi: 10.65893/esr.v3i18.98

The Role of Digital Media in Improving the Mental Image among Youth in Libyan Universities
type: item
description: The aim of this research was to identify the role of digital media in improving the Libyan public's image. This descriptive research relies on a media survey approach, using a questionnaire as a data collection tool. The questionnaire was administered to a random sample of 300 Libyans. The results showed the following: The public demonstrates high exposure to and use of digital media, with a strong preference for websites and social media networks. The public trusts information published through digital media more than traditional sources and believes that this media has contributed to improving Libya's image. Media professionals and digital content creators are viewed as playing an important role in reflecting a positive image of Libya.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Media Image.
  topic: keywords
creator: Ms. Marwa Ali Mohamed Zayed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 117
ending page: 139
doi: 10.65893/esr.v3i18.97

Comparative Study of the Level of Certain Cognitive Functions in Elderly Practitioners and Non-Practitioners of Physical Activity
type: item
description: This study aimed to examine the level of selected cognitive functions (concentration, attention, and memory) among physically active and inactive older adults and to identify differences according to the type of physical activity, frequency of participation, duration, and time of exercise. The study adopted a comparative descriptive approach and was conducted on a sample of 60 older adults from Al-Marj City, equally divided into physically active and inactive groups. The findings revealed that the active group demonstrated a high level of cognitive functioning, whereas the inactive group showed a moderate level. Significant statistical differences were found in concentration, attention, and memory in favor of the physically active participants. The results also indicated significant differences related to the type of physical activity, favoring participants engaged in five-a-side football, as well as differences related to exercise duration, with better outcomes associated with sessions lasting more than 45 minutes. However, no statistically significant differences were found regarding weekly exercise frequency or the time of day of exercise (morning or evening). The study recommends encouraging older adults to engage in regular physical activity to maintain cognitive abilities and enhance their quality of life
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Older Adults, Physical Activity, Cognitive Functions, Concentration, Attention, Memory.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Ahmed badr hamad
creator: Dr. Wannees sulayman abd alraheem
creator: Dr. Murad Mustafa
creator: Dr. Ahmed Abdullah Ali
creator: Mr. Emad Abdulwahab Al-Mabrouk
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 95
ending page: 116
doi: 10.65893/esr.v3i18.96

Determinants of Student Trust in E-Learning Systems in Libyan Higher Education: Evidence from Azzaytuna University
type: item
description: This study examines the factors that influence student trust in e-learning systems in Libyan higher education. Specifically, it investigates the effects of system quality, instructor interaction, content quality, and perceived security on students’ trust in e-learning platforms at Azzaytuna University. A quantitative approach was adopted using a structured questionnaire administered to 169 computer science students. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis. The findings indicate that students generally reported a high level of trust in e-learning systems. Instructor interaction emerged as the strongest predictor of trust, followed by system quality, content quality, and perceived security. Female students demonstrated significantly higher levels of trust than male students, while no significant differences were found across academic levels. The regression model explained 62% of the variance in student trust. The study contributes to the limited body of research on e-learning in developing countries by providing empirical evidence from the Libyan context. The findings suggest that universities should enhance instructor engagement, improve the quality and usability of e-learning systems, provide well-designed learning content, and strengthen data security practices to foster greater student trust in digital learning environments.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: E-learning; Student Trust; Higher Education; System Quality; Instructor; Interaction; Content Quality; Perceived Security; Libya.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mr. Fathi Maeyouf
creator: Mr. Gousi Saleh
creator: Ms. Marwa Mohamed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 81
ending page: 94
doi: 10.65893/esr.v3i18.95

La production du savoir dans la théorie politique contemporaine: problématiques épistémologiques.
type: item
description: This study examines the problem of knowledge production and construction in contemporary political theory from an epistemological perspective, by interrogating the foundational premises upon which this field of knowledge is built. The accelerating structural transformations in the current political reality have exposed the limitations and inadequacies of classical explanatory models in comprehending the complexities and entanglements of contemporary political phenomena. The study seeks to highlight the role played by conceptual frameworks, ideological contexts, and historical settings in shaping and directing the process of political knowledge production. It argues that political knowledge is not a neutral reflection of reality, but rather an epistemological construct that takes form within an intricate system of interwoven concepts, institutional structures, and configurations of power. Accordingly, the renewal of political theory in confronting these epistemological challenges requires a critical reassessment of underlying cognitive frameworks, and a transition toward more flexible and open analytical approaches capable of accommodating the complexity and interconnectedness of political phenomena.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Contemporary Political Theory, Epistemology, Explanatory Models, Analytical Approaches
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Omran Mohamed Almrghni Aljdari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 46
ending page: 80
doi: 10.65893/esr.v3i18.94

Parts of speech in the Arabic language
type: item
description: This study, titled “Parts of Speech”, aims to: clarify the definition and classification criteria of the parts of speech in the Arabic language; explain the grammatical and morphological characteristics of each category; explore the linguistic overlaps that may occur among different parts of speech; and highlight the importance of understanding these categories in linguistic analysis and education. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, relying on both classical and modern grammatical sources. It analyzes the syntactic and morphological functions of parts of speech through a variety of linguistic examples. Among its key findings: the division of Arabic words into noun, verb, and particle is based on precise semantic and contextual principles. The noun is marked by clear morphological and syntactic features, such as taking the definite article “al”, accepting tanwīn, and being subject to case endings and syntactic functions. This categorization is essential for language teaching, computational analysis, and interpreting literary and religious texts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Parts of Speech – Noun – Verb – Particle.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mr. Osama Mohammed Ali Al-Hammali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 27
ending page: 45
doi: 10.65893/esr.v3i18.93

Analysis of the Relationship between the Use of Modern Teaching Methods and the Level of Student Performance in Physical Education Lessons:A Descriptive-Analytical Study
type: item
description: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the use of modern teaching methods and the level of student performance in physical education lessons, utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach. The study population consisted of all physical education teachers in secondary schools under the Surman Education Directorate for the academic year 2024/2025, with a sample of (37) male and female teachers selected through a stratified purposive method. A questionnaire was used as the primary tool, comprising three axes: the extent of using modern methods, their impact on student performance, and the obstacles to their application, with the internal consistency validity and reliability of the instrument being verified. The results showed that the level of using modern methods was weak, while their impact on student performance was significant and statistically significant. The findings also revealed very high obstacles hindering application, most notably limited class time, inadequate teacher training, and institutional reliance on traditional methods. No statistically significant differences were found attributed to the gender variable, while differences were found in the obstacles axis in favor of teachers with longer experience. The study concluded that there is a gap between the theoretical awareness of the importance of modern methods and their weak actual application, with recommendations to enhance training, provide equipment, restructure class time, integrate technology, and support institutional innovation to improve the quality of physical education.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Modern teaching methods, Physical Education, cooperative Leaming , self-Directed Leaming .
  topic: keywords
creator: Mr. Ibrahim Harakat Ahmed Amhamed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 1
ending page: 26
doi: 10.65893/esr.v3i18.92

The Level of Implementing the Brainstorming Strategy and Its Relationship to Developing Effective Teaching Skills Among Faculty Members at Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences
type: item
description: <p class="docData;DOCY;v5;4518;[binary]" style="text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; background-color: #ffffff; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-top-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: none; mso-border-between: none;"> The study aimed to identify the level of implementation of the brainstorming strategy and its relationship to the development of effective teaching skills among faculty members at colleges of physical education and sports sciences in Libyan universities. The study adopted the descriptive approach and was applied to a random sample of (60) faculty members from five colleges (Az-Zaytuna, Sabratha, Az-Zawiya, Al-Jafara, Al-Marqab) during the academic year 2025-2026. The researcher used two scales: the first to measure brainstorming (15 items), and the second to measure effective teaching (15 items), and their validity and reliability were verified. The results showed that the level of brainstorming implementation was high, and the level of effective teaching skills was very high. A positive and statistically significant correlation was also found between the two variables (r = 0.407). No significant differences were found related to gender or experience, while differences in effective teaching skills were in favor of doctoral degree holders. The study recommended enhancing the use of brainstorming, organizing training courses, allocating sufficient time for its sessions, and paying attention to developing critical thinking.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Brainstorming Strategy, Effective Teaching Skills
  topic: keywords
creator: Mr. Abdulmajeed Mohammed Salem Hussein
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-07
publication date: 2026-06-07
starting page: 298
ending page: 319
doi: 10.65893/esr.v2i18.91

Effect of a Therapeutic Program Using Muscle Energy Technique (MET) on Rehabilitation of Patients with Quadriceps Muscle Strain
type: item
description: <span class="docData;DOCY;v5;2725;[binary]" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #000000;">The study aimed to identify the effect of a therapeutic program using Muscle Energy Technique (MET) in rehabilitating quadriceps muscle strain among Ben Zaidoun Club players, The researcher used the experimental method with a one-group pre-test/post-test design, The sample consisted of 10 players, Pain level, knee joint range of motion, and muscular strength were measured, The results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the post-test, with large effect sizes, confirming the effectiveness of the therapeutic program.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Muscle Energy Technique, MET, muscle strain, quadriceps muscle, sports rehabilitation.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mr. Shukri Abdurrazzaq Al-Qablawi
creator: Mr. Majdi Ali Al-Tuwaishi
creator: Mr. Abdulsalam Ahmed Mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-07
publication date: 2026-06-07
starting page: 274
ending page: 297
doi: 10.65893/esr.v2i18.90

Effect of Isometric and Isotonic Exercises on Developing Lower Limb Muscular Strength in Judo Players
type: item
description: <span class="docData;DOCY;v5;3020;[binary]" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #000000;"> The study aimed to identify the effect of isometric and isotonic training on developing lower-limb muscular strength among judo players at Ben Zaidoun Club, The researcher used the experimental method with a one-group pre-test/post-test design, The sample consisted of 15 players, Leg muscular strength, standing vertical jump, barbell squat, and standing long jump were measured, The results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the post-test, with large effect sizes, confirming the effectiveness of the training program.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: isometric training, isotonic training, muscular strength, lower limb, judo.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mr. Shukri Abdurrazzaq Al-Qablawi
creator: Mr. Majdi Ali Al-Tuwaishi
creator: Mr. Abdulsalam Ahmed Mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-07
publication date: 2026-06-07
starting page: 249
ending page: 273
doi: 10.65893/esr.v2i18.89

Effect of Resistance Exercises on Developing Upper Limb Muscular Strength in Junior Judo Players
type: item
description: <span class="docData;DOCY;v5;2986;[binary]" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #000000;"> The study aimed to identify the effect of a resistance training program on developing upper-limb muscular strength among junior judo players at Al-Watani Abu Issa Club. The researcher used the experimental method with a one-group pre-test/post-test design. The sample consisted of 10 players. The study measured right-hand grip strength, left-hand grip strength, weight carrying and walking, and hanging hold time. The results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the post-test, with large effect sizes, confirming the effectiveness of the training program.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: resistance training, muscular strength, upper limb, judo, juniors
  topic: keywords
creator: Mr. Shukri Abdurrazzaq Al-Qablawi
creator: Mr. Majdi Ali Al-Tuwaishi
creator: Mr. Abdulsalam Ahmed Mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-07
publication date: 2026-06-07
starting page: 219
ending page: 248
doi: 10.65893/esr.v2i18.88

Effect of over-distance training on some physical and functional variables and the performance level of 100 m and 200 m freestyle swimmers
type: item
description: <span class="docData;DOCY;v5;3102;[binary]" style="font-family: 'Arial'; font-size: 12pt; color: #1f1f1f; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1f1f1f;">The research aims to identify the effect of over-distance training on some physical and functional variables and the numerical level of speed swimmers The study sample was selected purposively from the swimmers of Al-Mukhtar Swimming and Sports Club, which is one of the clubs registered with the Libyan General Federation of Swimming and Water Sports for the 2024-2025 sports season, and the number of swimmers was (9) for this study. The results showed that the training program led to an improvement in the physical, skill-related variables and the numerical level of the sample group.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Over-distance training, physical variables, functional variables, performance level, 100m freestyle, 200m freestyle
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. abraheem mohammed abuojaylah
creator: Dr. zaynab salim jmmah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-07
publication date: 2026-06-07
starting page: 208
ending page: 218
doi: 10.65893/esr.v2i18.87

Dietary Patterns and Their Health and Social Implications for Patients with Gluten-Related Disorders: A Field Study Applied to Tripoli Municipality
type: item
description: <span class="docData;DOCY;v5;4300;[binary]" style="font-family: 'Arial'; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #000000;">This field study aimed to evaluate the living, health, and nutritional realities of patients with gluten sensitivity and celiac disease in the city of Tripoli. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach using an questionnaire distributed to a sample of 128 patients. The results demonstrated that patients face severe challenges in adhering to a gluten-free diet, with 88.3% reporting significant difficulties in obtaining safe food alternatives locally, which caused the strict dietary adherence rate to drop to only 62.5%. The data revealed the continued emergence of debilitating physical complications among a large segment, such as chronic fatigue (74.2%) and anemia (66.4%), alongside 54.7% suffering from psychological issues and social isolation due to the difficulty of dining out. Statistical testing (T-test) proved that the ability to strictly adhere to the diet improves significantly as the years since diagnosis increase due to accumulated patient experience. The study concluded that there is an almost complete absence of societal awareness about the disease (82%), recommending urgent government intervention to subsidize basic gluten-free goods, enforce strict regulatory laws on food and drug labeling, and launch national awareness campaigns to transform the celiac issue into a matter of food security and comprehensive societal awareness.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Celiac disease, therapeutic nutrition, gluten – free diet, health status ,dietary patterns
  topic: keywords
creator: Ms. Fadia Musa Abdulrahman Khalid
creator: Ms. Sanda Al-Hattab Ibrahim Al-Naili
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-07
publication date: 2026-06-07
starting page: 181
ending page: 207
doi: 10.65893/esr.v2i18.86

Evaluation of the scientific content of the volleyball training course from the students' point of view
type: item
description: <p class="docData;DOCY;v5;4322;[binary]" style="text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-top-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: none; mso-border-between: none;">his research aims to identify the level of evaluation of the scientific content of the volleyball training course at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Zawiya, from the students' perspective. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach. The sample consisted of (30) third-year students, randomly selected. The researcher used a questionnaire as the data collection tool, the validity and reliability of which were verified before its application to the main sample. After data collection and statistical analysis, the questionnaire, consisting of 16 items, was ready for application to the main research sample Appropriate statistical methods were used to achieve the study objectives by answering its questions The main findings showed that the participants demonstrated an overall positive attitude toward the content of the volleyball course, as most items were rated at the “Agree” level, indicating student satisfaction. The results also emphasized the importance of providing a textbook and showed an acceptable balance between the theoretical and practical aspects of the course content, although there is a need to further enhance the practical aspect. In addition, the course content contributes to preparing students professionally, developing their sports culture, and keeping up with modern developments in volleyball.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: evaluation, scientific content, volleyball training, students' point of view.
  topic: keywords
creator: Prof. Dr. Kamila Abulqasim Al-Amouri
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-07
publication date: 2026-06-07
starting page: 166
ending page: 180
doi: 10.65893/esr.v2i18.84

The Effectiveness of Using Innovative Teaching Strategies in Improving Critical Thinking Skills among Students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Benghazi University
type: item
description: <p class="docData;DOCY;v5;3934;[binary]" style="text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; border: none; mso-border-between: none;"> The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of using innovative teaching strategies in improving critical thinking skills among students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences in Benghazi University. The researcher employed a quasi-experimental design. The study sample consisted of (64) students divided into two groups: an experimental group comprising (32) students and a control group comprising (32) students. The study instruments included: the Watson–Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal standardized for the Libyan environment by Al-Senussi (2018), and the innovative teaching strategies program prepared by the researcher. The results of the study revealed statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the experimental group students on the pre- and post-administrations of the critical thinking scale in favor of the post-administration. The findings also indicated statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups on the post-administration of the critical thinking scale in favor of the experimental group. Furthermore, no statistically significant differences were found between the mean scores of the experimental group students on the post- and follow-up administrations of the critical thinking scale two months after the completion of the program sessions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Innovative teaching strategies – Critical thinking skills – Students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences in Benghazi University.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Mohamed Ali Tayosh Oreeth
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-07
publication date: 2026-06-07
starting page: 140165
ending page: 140165
doi: 10.65893/esr.v2i18.83

Political Stability and Ways to Succeed Economic Diplomacy: An Analytical Study of the Libyan Reality
type: item
description: <a class="docData;DOCY;v5;4711;[binary]" name="_Hlk231157360">This study examines the impact of political stability in Libya on its economic diplomacy. Political stability is a cornerstone of successful economic diplomacy and a key component of the domestic factors upon which states base their foreign policy priorities, particularly with regard to attracting foreign investment, gaining international acceptance, and establishing economic or political partnerships. Accordingly, economic diplomacy is considered a modern tool used by states and international and regional bodies to implement their foreign policy. Due to the political turmoil in Libya, this has negatively affected its ability to employ economic diplomacy to achieve political gains, whether regional or international. Therefore, the lack of political stability was a major reason for foreign countries interfering in Libyan internal affairs and exploiting its resources by proxy to achieve economic pressures that serve the interests of those countries, as happened with Turkey in the Mediterranean basin after the signing of the maritime border demarcation agreement with Libya.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: political stability, economic diplomacy, foreign intervention
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Fareeha Awad Ibrahim Al-Tarhouni
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-07
publication date: 2026-06-07
starting page: 124
ending page: 139
doi: 10.65893/esr.v2i18.82

The Role of Quality Management in Enhancing Teaching and Research Performance and Institutional Infrastructure at the Faculty of Physical Education – Al-Mergib University
type: item
description: <span class="docData;DOCY;v5;4521;[binary]" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #000000;">This research aims to explore the reality of implementing quality management standards at the Faculty of Physical Education, Al-Mergib University, and to determine the level of faculty members' performance efficiency in teaching, research, and community service. The study employed a descriptive survey methodology, as it is the most suitable for the nature of this research. The research population consisted of all faculty members at the Faculty of Physical Education, and a comprehensive census (total population) sampling method was used to ensure the inclusion of all perspectives regarding quality implementation. The most significant findings include: a high level of awareness among faculty members regarding quality concepts, and an increase in academic and professional performance efficiency. The results also indicated a significant impact of quality management on developing teaching and research performance, while highlighting some administrative burdens associated with quality procedures.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Quality Management Standards, Performance Efficiency, Faculty Members, Faculty of Physical Education.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Hameed Rajab Al-Suwaih
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-07
publication date: 2026-06-07
starting page: 114
ending page: 123
doi: 10.65893/esr.v2i18.81

Evaluation of the Physical Education College Program at Al-Mergib University in Light of Quality Requirements and Standards
type: item
description: <p class="docData;DOCY;v5;5895;[binary]" style="text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; background-color: #ffffff; border: none; mso-border-between: none;"> This research aims to identify the reality of the academic program in light of quality requirements and standards. The researcher employed a survey-based descriptive method. The study was conducted on a sample of (25) faculty members at the Faculty of Physical Education, Al-Mergib University. The findings revealed that: The Physical Education program at Al-Mergib University is characterized by having a clear, specific, and well-defined mission and objectives that are consistent with the college's mission, with active participation from both faculty members and students in their formulation. Although the mission is clear internally, its announcement to all stakeholders remains limited, indicating a weakness in internal institutional communication. The results showed that the study plan is balanced, keeps pace with modern developments, and contributes to the development of students' scientific thinking and self-learning skills. The program possesses an advanced system for evaluating learning outcomes, characterized by the regular participation of faculty members in analyzing and discussing the results.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: (Teaching Profession Ethics – Faculty Member)
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Fathi Rajab Hamal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-07
publication date: 2026-06-07
starting page: 91
ending page: 113
doi: 10.65893/esr.v2i18.80

esearch Title: Student Achievement Level in Practical Courses and its Relationship to Specialization Grade at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Zawiya
type: item
description: The research aims to identify the level of achievement in practical and specialization courses, as well as to reveal the relationship between practical achievement and specialization grade. It also aims to identify the differences between practical achievement and specialization grade. The researcher used the descriptive method because it was suitable for the nature of this research. She conducted this research on a sample that was chosen purposively and consisted of (52) students from the third stage of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Zawiya University. After obtaining the evaluation scores of the practical aspect of the course and the specialized course for the sample members, and after scientific processing of the data, the results showed a high percentage of the academic achievement index for the specialized courses for most of the sample members, in addition to a strong correlation between the academic achievement level index for the practical courses and the specialized courses. There are statistically significant differences in the academic achievement index between the practical courses and the specialized courses, in favor of the latter.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: achievement index, specialization Course, third-Year Students
  topic: keywords
creator: Prof. Khadija Yousef Mohamed Abukhrais
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-07
publication date: 2026-06-07
starting page: 80
ending page: 90
doi: 10.65893/esr.v2i18.79

Attitudes of Students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Zawiya towards the Specialization Course
type: item
description: The study aimed to identify the most preferred specializations among the research sample, as well as the nature of their attitudes towards their fields of specialization, and the differences in their attitudes towards the elective course within the specialization according to academic level. Methodology: The researchers employed the descriptive approach due to its suitability to the nature of this research. The study was conducted on a purposive sample consisting of (69) male students from the third and fourth levels at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Al-Zawiya. The researchers used a questionnaire designed specifically to measure attitudes, which was developed by the researchers themselves. After distributing and collecting the questionnaires from the sample, and following scientific data processing, the results revealed that the most preferred specialization among the sample was Physical Therapy, followed by Football, while Tennis and Gymnastics were the least preferred. The results also showed no statistically significant differences attributable to the academic year variable in attitudes towards the specialization among students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Al-Zawiya.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Attitudes, third and fourth level students, specialization course.
  topic: keywords
creator: Prof. Kamal Ali Al-Ghul
creator: Prof. Naji Al-Hadi Abu al-Qasim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-07
publication date: 2026-06-07
starting page: 61
ending page: 79
doi: 10.65893/esr.v2i18.78

Optimism, Pessimism, and Their Relationship to Some Psychological Variables among Students of Al-Merghib University in Al-Khums City
type: item
description: The aim of the current research was to identify the levels of optimism, pessimism, and depression among a sample of students at Al-Merghib University, to explore the relationship between these variables, and to test differences according to gender, academic year, faculty, and academic achievement. The research sample consisted of (100) male and female students from the Faculties of Arts, Sciences, and Engineering at Al-Merghib University, selected randomly. The researcher used two scales for data collection: a depression scale (30 items) and an optimism-pessimism scale (30 items). After verifying face validity, internal consistency, and Cronbach's alpha reliability, the instruments were applied to the sample during the academic year 2023/2024. The results showed the following: 54.3% of the sample had a moderate level of depression, 39.5% had a low level, and 6.2% had a high level. 87.7% of the sample had a high level of optimism, 12.3% had a moderate level, and no individual had a low level of optimism. 84% of the sample had a moderate level of pessimism, 11.1% had a low level, and 4.9% had a high level. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed no statistically significant effect of optimism on depression, while a significant effect of pessimism on depression was found, with pessimism explaining approximately 18% of the variance in depression. Scheffé's test results showed significant differences in depression between those with low pessimism and those with moderate and high pessimism, in favor of the latter. No statistically significant differences were found in the study variables according to academic year or academic achievement. Significant differences were found in the level of optimism according to the faculty variable, as engineering students were less optimistic compared to arts and science students. The researcher recommends enhancing optimism among students, training them in positive coping strategies, and conducting further studies with larger sampl…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Optimism, Pessimism, Depression, Psychological Variables.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Najat Mohammed Saad Abdul Mani'
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-07
publication date: 2026-06-07
starting page: 31
ending page: 60
doi: 10.65893/esr.v2i18.77

A reading of the evidence for proving the crime of sorcery
type: item
description: This study examines the evidence used to prove the crime of sorcery within the framework of Libyan legislation and Islamic jurisprudence. Sorcery is considered a complex crime due to its association with intangible elements, which makes proving it through traditional evidentiary methods difficult. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of legal provisions governing the proof of this crime while maintaining a balance between combating sorcery and safeguarding human rights and fair trial guarantees. The research adopts an analytical approach supported by critical and comparative methods. It concludes that the crime of sorcery may be established through several means of evidence, including confession, testimony, circumstantial evidence, and modern scientific methods, all of which remain subject to the discretionary authority of the judge. The study also highlights that circumstantial evidence alone may not be sufficient in cases involving hudud or retaliation punishments, but it can be relied upon in discretionary penalties to ensure both justice and the protection of individual rights.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: sorcery, confession, testimony, proof.
  topic: keywords
creator: Ms. Halima Muhammad al-Na'as
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-07
publication date: 2026-06-07
starting page: 1
ending page: 30
doi: 10.65893/esr.v2i18.76

Physical Activity Among the Elderly in My Cities of Tripoli and Al-Khums (A Comparative Study)
type: item
description: This study aimed to identify the physical activity levels of elderly residents in Tripoli and Al-Khums by determining their daily physical activity rates according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Also seeking to identify the differences in physical activity levels among elderly individuals in these two cities, based on the IPAQ scale. The researcher employed a descriptive methodology, deemed most suitable for the nature of this study. A random sample of 60 physically active individuals selected from Tripoli and Al-Khums. The researcher utilized the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), developed by the World Organization for Human Services, Physical Activity and Health (2002). The most important conclusions: the highest percentage for those who practiced physical activity for 3 days at a percentage of 33.3%, followed by the percentage of those who practiced physical activity for 4 days at 15%, then the percentage of those who practiced physical activity for two days at 11.7%. Finally, the percentage of those who practiced physical activity for 5 days was 6.7%. There are statistically significant differences between the cities of Tripoli and Al-Khums in the rates of practicing high-intensity and moderate-intensity physical activity in favor of the city of Tripoli. Meanwhile, there were differences in the rates of staying sedentary during one day of the week, other than the day off, in favor of the city of Al-Khums. However, there were no statistically significant differences in walking rates among the study sample members in the cities of Tripoli and Al-Khums.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: The Elderly – Physical Activity
  topic: keywords
creator: Mr. Muhammad Zuheir Al-Arnaouti
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-01
publication date: 2026-06-01
starting page: 275
ending page: 295
doi: 10.65893/esr.v1i18.75

The role of the practical education program in preparing student teachers at the Faculty of Physical Education, University of Al-Mergheb, from the perspective of the student teachers
type: item
description: The study aimed to identify the role of the practical education program in preparing the student teacher at the College of Physical Education, University of Al-Marqab, from the perspective of the student teachers, specifically focusing on three areas: the extent of benefit from the program, the role of the supervising teacher at school, and the role of the academic supervisor. The study employed the descriptive analytical method and was applied to a sample of 24 fourth-year students at the college during the academic year 2025–2026. A questionnaire was used as the main tool, and its validity and reliability were verified, with Cronbach's alpha coefficient reaching 0.84. The results showed that the "extent of benefit" area recorded the highest mean score of 2.68, followed by the "role of the academic supervisor" with a mean of 2.65, and then the "role of the supervising teacher" with a mean of 2.52. The results also revealed a relative deficiency in providing students with modern curricula and in the academic supervisor's involvement in curriculum content analysis. The study recommended the need to update field training methods, enhance coordination between the college and educational authorities, activate the role of the academic supervisor in analytical critique, and integrate sports technology skills into the program requirements.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Practical education, student teacher, basic teacher, academic supervisor, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Al-Mergheb.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Khaled Al-Hadi Mohamed Al-kamushi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-01
publication date: 2026-06-01
starting page: 258
ending page: 274
doi: 10.65893/esr.v1i18.74